The mining industry has long been a cornerstone of Africa’s economic growth, with the sector experiencing rapid expansion over the past decades. However, the full potential of this growth is often hindered by inequalities and capital constraints faced by artisanal and small-scale miners (ASM). Despite these challenges, the contributions of ASM to the labour force and the overall mining output remain significant, particularly in meeting the rising global demand for minerals critical to modern technology and industrial applications.
In many developing countries, especially across Africa, artisanal mining ranks as the second or third-largest employer after agriculture and retail trade. Studies show that between eight and nine out of ten people working in the mining sector are engaged in artisanal or small-scale operations. Remarkably, artisanal miners often earn more than subsistence farmers, highlighting the economic importance of this sector. The extraction of minerals vital to gadgets, machinery, and infrastructure depends heavily on these miners, yet they frequently operate under challenging and unregulated conditions.
Zimbabwe has taken commendable strides in addressing these systemic barriers. Recognising the importance of inclusive growth and broader participation, the government has relaxed the certification process for prospecting precious minerals. This progressive move allows every Zimbabwean the opportunity to obtain a mining licence and legally sell their findings to Fidelity Printers and Refiners (FPR), the gold refining and security printing subsidiary wholly owned by the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe. This regulatory shift is a pivotal step toward formalising the artisanal mining sector and creating pathways for economic empowerment.
Artisanal and small-scale miners also play a vital role in extracting Development Minerals such as construction materials, industrial minerals, and semi-precious stones to meet the surging demand for infrastructure projects. In several African, Caribbean, and Pacific countries, ASM accounts for over 60% of construction material production. For instance, Uganda’s artisanal miners contribute more than 80% of these materials. Such substantial outputs reinforce the argument that artisanal mining cannot merely be dismissed as a residual sector.
The mining of critical minerals such as chrome, lithium, and gold is increasingly driven by artisanal miners. In Zimbabwe, these miners have become indispensable players in sourcing minerals essential for global energy transition and technological advancements. Their intimate knowledge of the land often positions them as “native geologists,” making early and valuable discoveries that large-scale operations may overlook.
Nevertheless, the ASM sector faces numerous challenges. Exploitation, unsafe working conditions, and exposure to health hazards are prevalent issues. Environmental degradation, including deforestation, biodiversity loss, water pollution, and land disruption, remains a significant consequence of unregulated mining. These risks not only endanger miners but also harm surrounding communities and ecosystems.
As the demand for critical minerals for clean energy and infrastructure continues to soar, integrating artisanal and small-scale miners into sustainable mining frameworks is imperative. Future policies must prioritise both human welfare and environmental stewardship. A paradigm shift is necessary, one that champions fairness, safety, and sustainability.
This transformation requires strong political will, comprehensive legal reforms, and inclusive policy frameworks that elevate artisanal and small-scale miners from marginalised operators to recognised industry stakeholders. Strategies must be tailored to support the ASM sector in ways that enhance livelihoods, reduce environmental harm, and promote sustainable economic growth.
Zimbabwe’s proactive approach in simplifying licencing for miners offers a model that other nations can emulate. By fostering an environment where artisanal mining is legitimised and regulated, governments can unlock the full potential of this sector, ensuring that it contributes meaningfully to national development while protecting the rights and well-being of those who form its backbone.
A few prominent young Zimbabweans have been vocal about the opportunities the Zimbabwean government is extending to all citizens, particularly young people. Shacky Timburwa, a young Member of Parliament, frequently praises the ease of accessing the mining sector on his X platform. Kuda Musasiwa, a brilliant innovator with interests in e-commerce, farming, and now mining, has demonstrated visionary moves into the industry. Through his initiative, he is poised to become a significant figure in mining in the coming years.
